A major new trial, called the GUSTO trial, is being held jointly by the University of Southampton, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation, and the University of Leeds.

It will seek to establish if treatments for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, one of the most common and expensive-to-treat cancers, can be modified to different genetic subtypes known to cause the disease.

Current standard treatments for patients with cancer of the bladder wall involve chemotherapy, before either surgery to remove the bladder or radiotherapy.

Until now, it has not been possible to say how individuals will respond to this treatment. However, new research suggests that different genetic causes of bladder cancers may respond differently to different treatments.

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